Kusamalira kubzala: Kusamalira gawo lililonse la kukula kwa nkhaka

Kuchokera ku njere zazing'ono, kukula kwa nkhaka kumasamalidwa bwino. M'dera la nazale la wowonjezera kutentha, njere za nkhaka zimafesedwa mofatsa mu nazale, yomwe ili ngati nazale yofunda. Kutentha koyenera, chinyezi ndi kuwala, monga kukumbatira kwa mayi, kusamalira kumera kwa mbewu ndi kukula kwa mbande. Mbeu zikakula masamba enieni a 2-3, amakhala ngati asitikali ang'onoang'ono omwe atsala pang'ono kupita kunkhondo ndipo amabzalidwa kudziko lalikulu la malo obzala wowonjezera kutentha.
Mukabzala, mipata pakati pa mizere ndi zomera za nkhaka imakonzedwa bwino. Chomera chilichonse cha nkhaka chimakhala ndi malo okwanira, ndikutalikirana kwa mizere 100-120 cm ndi kutalika kwa mbewu 30-40 cm. Amakonzedwa bwino ngati asilikali ophunzitsidwa bwino. Kumeneko, amatha kusangalala ndi kuwala kokwanira kwa dzuŵa ndi kupuma momasuka m’malo opitako mpweya wabwino.
Kudulira ndi kupachika mipesa ndizofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa nkhaka. Mofanana ndi kudulira mitengo, alimi amasunga mipesa ikuluikulu kuti ikhale ndi zipatso ndikuchotsa mosamala mipesa ya m’mbali ndi minyewa ya m’mbali kuti chomanga chilichonse chizikhazikika pa chipatsocho. Mipesa yolendewera imalola zomera za nkhaka kukwera mmwamba pazingwe, kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira malo ozungulira a wowonjezera kutentha, komanso kulola kuti kuwala kwa dzuwa kulowetsedwe mofanana pa tsamba lililonse, kupititsa patsogolo mpweya wabwino komanso kufalikira kwa kuwala, kulola kuti nkhaka ziziyenda bwino m'malo abwino.
Pollination ndi kupatulira maluwa ndi zipatso ndi nzeru kwambiri. Mu wowonjezera kutentha kumeneku popanda tizilombo tachilengedwe tomwe timatulutsa mungu, njira yopangira pollination yothandizira kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zowongolera zakukula kwa zomera zakhala chinsinsi chowonetsetsa kuti nkhaka zikubala zipatso. Kupatulira kwamaluwa ndi zipatso kuli ngati kuyang'anitsitsa mosamala, kuchotsa zipatso zopunduka ndi maluwa aakazi ochulukirapo, ndikusiya zipatso zathanzi komanso zopatsa chiyembekezo, kuwonetsetsa kuti nkhaka iliyonse imatha kukula bwino komanso yokongola.
Kuteteza tizirombo ndi matenda: njira yobiriwira yoteteza nkhaka
Mu kulima nkhaka mu Russian galasi greenhouses, tizirombo ndi matenda kulamulira ndi nkhondo popanda mfuti, ndi kupewa ndi njira yaikulu ya nkhondo imeneyi. Pakhomo la wowonjezera kutentha, njira yophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda imakhala ngati chipata cholimba chachitetezo, chotsekereza majeremusi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kunja kwa khomo. Munthu aliyense ndi chida cholowa mu wowonjezera kutentha ayenera kutetezedwa mwamphamvu, monga kulandira ubatizo wopatulika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mkati mwa wowonjezera kutentha nthawi zonse amatetezedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, namsongole ndi zotsalira za matenda zimachotsedwa panthawi, ndipo ngodya iliyonse pano imakhala yopanda banga, osasiya mwayi wa tizirombo ndi matenda.
Palinso njira zosiyanasiyana zowongolera thupi. Khoka loteteza tizilombo lili ngati khoka lalikulu loteteza tizilombo towononga tizilombo. matabwa achikasu ndi a buluu ali ngati misampha yokoma, kukopa tizirombo monga nsabwe za m'masamba, whiteflies ndi thrips kuti zigwere mumsampha; ndipo nyali yophera tizilombo imawala modabwitsa usiku, kutchera ndi kupha tizilombo akuluakulu, kotero kuti chiŵerengero cha tizirombo chimachepa kwambiri popanda kudziwa.
Kuwongolera kwachilengedwe ndi matsenga munkhondo yobiriwira iyi. Kumasula tizilombo tachilengedwe, monga nthata zolusa ndi akangaude ndi trichogrammatids motsutsana ndi nkhaka, kuli ngati kuitana gulu la asilikali olimba mtima kuti ateteze nkhaka. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwachititsa kuti nkhondoyi ikhale yobiriwira. Ngakhale kuthetsa tizirombo ndi matenda, siziwononga chilengedwe ndi nkhaka zokha.
M'magalasi obiriwira a galasi ku Russia, kulima nkhaka si ntchito yaulimi yokha, komanso luso lomwe limagwirizanitsa mfundo za sayansi, teknoloji ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Nkhaka iliyonse imanyamula khama la wolima ndi kulimbikira kufunafuna zabwino. Ndi kuuma kwa nthaka yozizira komanso chisamaliro cha wowonjezera kutentha, amalowa m'nyumba masauzande ambiri ku Russia, amakhala zakudya zokoma pa matebulo a anthu, ndikubweretsa anthu kutsitsimuka ndi thanzi lachilengedwe.